Thanks everyone! We have determined that it is a COM+ issue. Attempting to open Administrative Tools > Component Services > Computers > My Computer > COM+ Applications generates a Catalog Error "You do not have permission to perform the requested action. If security is enabled on the System Application of the target computer make sure you are included in the appropriate roles".
With some additional research, this error seems to occur frequently when Windows Easy Transfer (WET) has been used, which their IT staff says that they did use on this particular computer.
@Patrick Roth - I will try the script to see what errors show up, and review the link - thank you.
@MIKESCAL - I tried both options in various security scenarios, and attempting to install directly from the .msi generates an error that it is not configured for silent install.
Once their IT staff has repaired the damage caused by WET I will update the question with results.
Thanks again.